![]() While this can be easily done in the well-accessible subcutaneous xenografts using a caliper 9, the non-invasive monitoring of renal subcapsular tumors requires the use of sophisticated imaging techniques. However, one important constraint inherent with the use of orthotopic RCC xenografts hampers their widespread adoption, namely the difficulty to detect the tumors and to non-invasively monitor their growth. Finally, the renal subcapsular space shows high engraftment rates compared to other implantation sites 7, 8, which is most probably due to its excellent vascularization ensuring a good oxygen and nutrient supply. ![]() Beyond that, the natural routes of local progression and metastatic spread are only realistically displayed when the tumor cells are growing at their original anatomic site. It is well known, that the organ-specific biological environment can have profound effects on local tumor growth, development of metastases and response to medical treatment 4, 5, 6. heterotopic) xenografts, which are still the most frequently used RCC in-vivo models, renal subcapsular RCC xenografts are technically demanding but they comprise some crucial advantages concerning a realistic modeling of the situation in humans: The renal subcapsular implantation site far better represents the local microenvironment in which RCCs develop and grow. Following successful engraftment, the biological behavior of the tumor (growth rate, local invasion, development of metastases) and its response to various kinds of treatment can be assessed. In these models, cultured human RCC cells or human RCC tissue samples are implanted under the renal capsule of immunodeficient mice using a syringe (cells) or a small capsular incision (tissue). Orthotopic xenografts are innovative, increasingly used preclinical in-vivo models to study renal cell carcinoma (RCC) 1, 2, 3. In conclusion, each technique has specific strengths and weaknesses, so the one(s) best suitable for a specific experiment may be chosen individually. 10 animals developed pulmonary metastases being well detectable by μCT and MRI. Tumor volumes determined by hrUS, μCT and MRI showed a very good correlation with each other and with caliper measurements at autopsy. Examination time was the shortest for hrUS, followed by μCT and MRI. While tumors appeared homogenously radiolucent in μCT, hrUS and MRI allowed for a better visualization of intratumoral structures and surrounding soft tissue. All imaging techniques allowed to detect orthotopic tumors and to precisely calculate their volumes. Cells engrafted in all mice and gave rise to exponentially growing, solid tumors. Local and systemic tumor growth were monitored by regular hrUS, μCT and MRI examinations. ![]() ![]() 1 × 10 6 Caki-2 RCC cells were implanted under the renal capsule of 16 immunodeficient mice. In this study, we aimed to comparatively evaluate high-resolution 3D ultrasonography (hrUS), in-vivo micro-CT (μCT) and 9.4T MRI for the monitoring of tumor growth in an orthotopic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) xenograft model since there is a lack of validated, non-invasive imaging tools for this purpose. ![]()
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